Can A Broken Neon Tube Be Repaired

Electrified, rarefied gas lighting

The vicinity of Times Square, New York City, has been famous for elaborate lighting displays incorporating neon signs since the 1920s.

Neon lighting consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases. Neon lights are a type of cold cathode gas-belch light. A neon tube is a sealed glass tube with a metallic electrode at each cease, filled with one of a number of gases at low force per unit area. A high potential of several yard volts applied to the electrodes ionizes the gas in the tube, causing it to emit colored light. The color of the low-cal depends on the gas in the tube. Neon lights were named for neon, a noble gas which gives off a popular orangish light, but other gases and chemicals are used to produce other colors, such as hydrogen (carmine), helium (xanthous), carbon dioxide (white), and mercury (blue). Neon tubes can be made in curving artistic shapes, to form letters or pictures. They are mainly used to make dramatic, multicolored glowing signage for advertising, called neon signs, which were popular from the 1920s to 1960s and again in the 1980s.

The term can too refer to the miniature neon glow lamp, developed in 1917, virtually seven years later neon tube lighting.^[1] While neon tube lights are typically meters long, the neon lamps tin can be less than i centimeter in length and glow much more dimly than the tube lights. They are however in use equally minor indicator lights. Through the 1970s, neon glow lamps were widely used for numerical displays in electronics, for pocket-sized decorative lamps, and as bespeak processing devices in circuity. While these lamps are now antiques, the technology of the neon glow lamp developed into gimmicky plasma displays and televisions.^{[ii] [3]}

Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris Due west. Travers. Afterwards obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an "electrical gas-discharge" tube that was similar to the tubes used for neon signs today. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show, December 3–18, 1910.^{[four] [5] [6]} Claude, sometimes chosen "the Edison of France",^[seven] had a near monopoly on the new applied science, which became very pop for signage and displays in the menstruation 1920-1940. Neon lighting was an important cultural miracle in the Us in that era;^[viii] past 1940, the downtowns of near every urban center in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances.^{[9] [x]} There were 2000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs.^{[11] [12]} The popularity, intricacy, and calibration of neon signage for advertizement declined in the U.S. post-obit the 2nd World War (1939–1945), but development continued vigorously in Japan, Islamic republic of iran, and some other countries.^[11] In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have once more adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works.^{[eleven] [thirteen] [xiv]}

Neon lighting is closely related to fluorescent lighting, which developed about 25 years subsequently neon tube lighting.^[12] In fluorescent lights, the light emitted past rarefied gases within a tube is used exclusively to excite fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which and then shine with their own colors that go the tube's visible, usually white, glow. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, but are usually selected to obtain brilliant colors.

History and science [edit]

Gas discharge tube containing neon, which was kickoff displayed by Ramsay and Travers; "Ne" is the symbol for neon, one of the chemical elements.

Neon is a noble gas chemical element and an inert gas that is a minor component of the Earth'due south atmosphere. It was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris West. Travers. When Ramsay and Travers had succeeded in obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an "electrical gas-discharge" tube that was similar to the tubes used today for neon signs. Travers later wrote, "the blaze of cherry low-cal from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."^[15] The procedure of examining the colors of the light emitted from gas-discharge (or "Geissler" tubes) was well known at the time, since the colors of calorie-free (the "spectral lines") emitted past a gas discharge tube are, essentially, fingerprints that identify the gases inside.

Immediately following neon'south discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties.^[16] Withal, the scarcity of purified neon gas precluded its prompt application for electrical gas-belch lighting forth the lines of Moore tubes, which used more common nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the working gas, and enjoyed some commercial success in the United states of america in the early 1900s.^{[1] [17]} After 1902, Georges Claude's visitor in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business organisation. From December 3 to 18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two large (12-metre (39 ft) long), bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show.^{[4] [5]}

Brandish of neon lighting samples in a glass studio

These neon tubes were essentially in their gimmicky form.^{[11] [nineteen] [20]} The range of outer diameters for the glass tubing used in neon lighting is 9 to 25 mm; with standard electrical equipment, the tubes can exist as long every bit 30 metres (98 ft).^[21] The pressure level of the gas inside is in the range iii–xx Torr (0.4–iii kPa), which corresponds to a partial vacuum in the tubing. Claude had also solved two technical problems that substantially shortened the working life of neon and some other gas discharge tubes,^[22] and effectively gave birth to a neon lighting manufacture. In 1915 a US patent was issued to Claude covering the blueprint of the electrodes for gas-discharge lighting;^[23] this patent became the ground for the monopoly held in the US by his company, Claude Neon Lights, for neon signs through the early 1930s.^[24]

Claude's patents envisioned the use of gases such as argon and mercury vapor to create dissimilar colors beyond those produced by neon. For instance, mixing metal mercury with neon gas creates blue. Green can then be achieved using uranium (yellowish) glass. White and gilt tin can also be created by adding argon and helium.^[25] In the 1920s, fluorescent glasses and coatings were adult to further expand the range of colors and effects for tubes with argon gas or argon-neon mixtures; generally, the fluorescent coatings are used with an argon/mercury-vapor mixture, which emits ultraviolet light that activates the fluorescent coatings.^[12] Past the 1930s, the colors from combinations of neon tube lights had become satisfactory for some general interior lighting applications, and achieved some success in Europe, merely not in the United states.^[12] Since the 1950s, the development of phosphors for color televisions has created well-nigh 100 new colors for neon tube lighting.^[fourteen]

Around 1917, Daniel McFarlan Moore, then working at the General Electric Company, developed the miniature neon lamp. The glow lamp has a very different design than the much larger neon tubes used for signage; the divergence was sufficient that a split US patent was issued for the lamp in 1919.^[26] A Smithsonian Establishment website notes, "These small, depression power devices use a concrete principle chosen 'coronal discharge'." Moore mounted ii electrodes close together in a bulb and added neon or argon gas. The electrodes would glow brightly in red or blue, depending on the gas, and the lamps lasted for years. Since the electrodes could take virtually any shape imaginable, a popular application has been fanciful decorative lamps. Glow lamps found applied employ as electronic components, and as indicators in instrument panels and in many home appliances until the acceptance of lite-emitting diodes (LEDs) starting in the 1970s."^[i]

Although some neon lamps themselves are now antiques, and their employ in electronics has declined markedly, the technology has continued to develop in artistic and entertainment contexts.^{[11] [twenty]} Neon lighting technology has been reshaped from long tubes into thin apartment panels used for plasma displays and plasma television sets.^[3]

Neon tube lighting and signs [edit]

When Georges Claude demonstrated an impressive, practical form of neon tube lighting in 1910, he obviously envisioned that it would be used as a form of lighting, which had been the application of the earlier Moore tubes that were based on nitrogen and carbon dioxide discharges. Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting at the K Palais (Yard Palace) in Paris lit a peristyle of this large exhibition space.^[6] Claude's acquaintance, Jacques Fonseque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a big sign for the vermouth Cinzano illuminated the night sky in Paris, and past 1919 the entrance to the Paris Opera was adorned with neon tube lighting.^[11]

Neon signage was received with detail enthusiasm in the United states. In 1923, Earle C. Anthony purchased ii neon signs from Claude for his Packard car dealership in Los Angeles, California; these literally stopped traffic.^{[4] [11]} Claude's US patents had secured him a monopoly on neon signage, and following Anthony's success with neon signs, many companies arranged franchises with Claude to industry neon signs. In many cases companies were given exclusive licenses for the production of neon signs in a given geographical area; past 1931, the value of the neon sign business was $16.9 1000000, of which a significant percentage was paid to Claude Neon Lights, Inc. by the franchising arrangements. Claude's master patent expired in 1932, which led to a swell expansion in the production of neon signage. The industry's sales in 1939 were about $22.0 one thousand thousand; the expansion in volume from 1931 to 1939 was much larger than the ratio of sales in the two years suggests.^[12]

Rudi Stern has written, "The 1930s were years of bully creativity for neon, a period when many design and animation techniques were developed. ... Men similar O. J. Gude and, in particular, Douglas Leigh took neon ad further than Georges Claude and his assembly had ever envisioned. Leigh, who conceived and created the archetypal Times Foursquare spectacular, experimented with displays that incorporated smells, fog, and sounds as office of their total outcome. ... Much of the visual excitement of Times Foursquare in the thirties was a result of Leigh's genius every bit a kinetic and luminal artist."^[11] Major cities throughout the United States and in several other countries also had elaborate displays of neon signs. Events such as the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), the Paris World's Fair (1937) and New York World's Fair (1939) were remarkable for their extensive use of neon tubes as architectural features. Stern has argued that the creation of "glorious" neon displays for picture theaters led to an association of the two, "One's joy in going to the movies became inseparably associated with neon."

The 2nd World War (1939–1945) arrested new sign installations around most of the world. Following the war, the manufacture resumed. Marcus Thielen writes of this era, "...after World War 2, government programs were established to help re-educate soldiers. The Egani Found (New York City) was 1 of few schools in the country that taught neon-trade secrets. The American streamlined blueprint from the 1950s would exist unimaginable without the use of neon."^[14] The development of Las Vegas, Nevada as a resort city is inextricably linked with neon signage; Tom Wolfe wrote in 1965, "Las Vegas is the just urban center in the globe whose skyline is made neither of buildings, like New York, nor of copse, similar Wilbraham, Massachusetts, but signs. One tin can expect at Las Vegas from a mile away on route 91 and see no buildings, no copse, only signs. But such signs! They tower. They revolve, they oscillate, they soar in shapes before which the existing vocabulary of art history is helpless."^[27]

Overall, all the same, neon displays became less stylish, and some cities discouraged their construction with ordinances.^[28] Nelson Algren titled his 1947 collection of brusque stories The Neon Wilderness (every bit a synonym of "urban jungle" for Chicago). Margalit Play a joke on has written, "... afterwards World State of war II, as neon signs were replaced increasingly past fluorescent-lighted plastic, the fine art of angle colored tubes into sinuous, gas-filled forms began to wane."^[29] A dark age persisted at least through the 1970s, when artists adopted neon with enthusiasm; in 1979 Rudi Stern published his manifesto, Allow There Be Neon.^[thirty] Marcus Thielen wrote in 2005, on the 90th anniversary of the US patent issued to Georges Claude, "The demand for the use of neon and cold cathode in architectural applications is growing, and the introduction of new techniques like fiberoptics and LED—into the sign market accept strengthened, rather than replaced, neon engineering science. The evolution of the 'waste' production neon tube remains incomplete ninety years afterward the patent was filed."^[14]

Neon glow lamps and plasma displays [edit]

The digits of a Nixie tube, which is a neon glow lamp with ten electrodes shaped equally the ten numerals. The digits of this tube are 5/viii in. (16 mm) tall.

In neon glow lamps, the luminous region of the gas is a thin, "negative glow" region immediately adjacent to a negatively charged electrode (or "cathode"); the positively charged electrode ("anode") is quite shut to the cathode. These features distinguish glow lamps from the much longer and brighter "positive column" luminous regions in neon tube lighting.^[20] The energy dissipation in the lamps when they are glowing is very low (about 0.1 Due west),^[31] hence the distinguishing term cold-cathode lighting.

Some of the applications of neon lamps include:^[31]

• Pilot lamps that indicate the presence of electrical ability in an apparatus or musical instrument (due east.chiliad. an electric coffee pot or ability supply).
• Decorative (or "figural") lamps in which the cathode is shaped equally a flower, brute, etc.. The figures inside these lamps were typically painted with phosphorescent paints to attain a diverseness of colors.
• Agile electronic circuits such as electronic oscillators, timers, memory elements, etc..
• Intricate electronic displays such as the Nixie tube (see photo).

The small size of the negative glow region of a neon lamp, and the flexible electronic properties that were exploited in electronic circuits, led to the adoption of this applied science for the earliest plasma panel displays. The first monochrome dot-matrix plasma panel displays were developed in 1964 at the University of Illinois for the PLATO educational computing organisation. They had the feature color of the neon lamp; their inventors, Donald L. Bitzer, H. Cistron Slottow, and Robert H. Wilson, had achieved a working computer brandish that remembered its own state, and did not require constant refreshing from the central figurer system. The relationship between these early monochrome displays and contemporary, colour plasma displays and televisions was described by Larry F. Weber in 2006, "All plasma TVs on the market today have the aforementioned features that were demonstrated in the outset plasma display which was a device with only a single prison cell. These features include alternating sustain voltage, dielectric layer, wall charge, and a neon-based gas mixture."^[3] Equally in colored neon lamps, plasma displays use a gas mixture that emits ultraviolet light. Each pixel has a phosphor that emits one of the brandish's base colors.

Neon lighting and artists in low-cal [edit]

The mid to tardily 1980s was a menstruum of resurgence in neon production. Sign companies developed a new type of signage called channel lettering, in which private messages were fashioned from sheet metal.

While the marketplace for neon lighting in outdoor advertising signage has declined since the mid twentieth century, in recent decades neon lighting has been used consciously in art, both in individual objects and integrated into architecture. Frank Popper traces the employ of neon lighting as the master chemical element in artworks to Gyula Košice's belatedly 1940s work in Argentina. Among the afterwards artists whom Popper notes in a cursory history of neon lighting in art are Stephen Antonakos, the conceptual artists Joseph Kosuth and Bruce Nauman, Martial Raysse, Chryssa, Piotr Kowalski, Maurizio Nannucci and François Morellet^[13] in add-on to Lucio Fontana or Mario Merz.

Several museums in the United States are now devoted to neon lighting and art, including the Museum of Neon Fine art (founded past neon artist Lili Lakich, Los Angeles, 1981), the Neon Museum (Las Vegas, founded 1996), the American Sign Museum (Cincinnati, founded 1999). These museums restore and display historical signage that was originally designed as advertising, in addition to presenting exhibits of neon art. Several books of photographs have likewise been published to draw attention to neon lighting equally art.^{[11] [32] [33]} In 1994, Christian Schiess has published an anthology of photographs and interviews devoted to fifteen "calorie-free artists".^[34]

List of neon light artists [edit]

• Frida Blumenberg (1935) South Africa
• Chryssa (1962) Greek-American
• Michael Flechtner (1951) U.s.a.
• Jeroen Gordijn (1968) Netherlands
• Michael Hayden (1943) Canada
• Joseph Kosuth (1965) U.s.
• Piotr Kowalski (1927) Poland, France
• Brigitte Kowanz (1957) Austria
• Lili Lakich (1944) US
• Mario Merz (1925) Italy
• Victor Millonzi (1915) The states
• Maurizio Nannucci (1939) Italy
• Bruce Nauman (1941) US
• Bill Parker (1950) Us - plasma lamp
• Stepan Ryabchenko (1987) Ukraine
• Lisa Schulte (1956) United states
• Keith Sonnier (1941) US
• Rudi Stern (1936) U.s.a.
• Tim White-Sobieski (1961) Poland
• Ben Livingston (1958) U.s.

Run into also [edit]

• Crackle tube
• Plasma globe

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Lamp Inventors 1880-1940: Moore Lamp". The Smithsonian Institution.
2. ^ Myers, Robert L. (2002). Brandish interfaces: fundamentals and standards. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71. ISBN978-0-471-49946-6. Plasma displays are closely related to the elementary neon lamp.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma brandish panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 34 (two): 268–278. Bibcode:2006ITPS...34..268W. doi:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440. S2CID 20290119.
4. ^ ^{a b c} van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the globe: from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press. p. 42. ISBN978-0-8147-8812-7.
5. ^ ^{a b} The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Testify are incorporated into this poster for the show.
6. ^ ^{a b} Testelin, Xavier. "Reportage - Il était une fois le néon No. 402". Retrieved 2010-12-06 . Claude lit the peristyle of the Chiliad Palais in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is function of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see "Reportage - Il était une fois le néon".
7. ^ "FRANCE: Paranoia?". Time. July ix, 1945. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011.
8. ^ O'Toole, Lawrence (Feb 4, 1990). "Where Neon Art Comes of Age". The New York Times. Americans, oddly, aren't then crazy nigh neon as the Japanese and the Europeans, although it could exist argued that neon, discovered by the French inventor Georges Claude in 1910, is largely an American phenomenon. As explained in this article, Claude did not find neon.
9. ^ Cutler, Alan (Summer 2007). "A visual history of Times Square spectaculars". The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2010-06-20.
10. ^ Tell, Darcy (2007). Times Square Spectacular: Lighting Up Broadway. Harper-Collins. ISBN978-0-06-088433-8.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f yard h i} Stern, Rudi (1988). The New Let At that place Be Neon. H. N. Abrams. pp. xvi–33. ISBN978-0-8109-1299-i.
12. ^ ^{a b c d east} Bright, Arthur A. Jr. (1949). The Electric-Lamp Manufacture . MacMillan. pp. 369–374.
13. ^ ^{a b} Popper, Frank (2009). "Neon". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Printing. Archived from the original on 2011-05-xvi.
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Thielen, Marcus (August 2005). "Happy Altogether Neon!". Signs of the Times. Archived from the original on 2009-02-16.
15. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (2003). Discovery of the Elements: 3rd Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing. p. 287. ISBN978-0-7661-3872-8.
16. ^ Fleming, J. A. (October 1904). "The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Apparatus for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy". Philosophical Magazine and Periodical of Scientific discipline. 6th Series. 8 (46): 417. doi:x.1080/14786440409463212. Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radiofrequency waves by examining the intensity of the tube'south light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsay.
17. ^ Bright Jr., Arthur A. (1949). The Electrical-Lamp Manufacture. MacMillan. pp. 221–223.
18. ^ Moreno, Richard (2008). Nevada Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot. p. 1880. ISBN978-0-7627-4682-8.
19. ^ Strattman, Wayne (1997). "The Luminous Tube: An illuminating description of how neon signs operate". Signs of the Times . Retrieved 2010-12-10 .
20. ^ ^{a b c} Strattman, Wayne (1997). Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting (quaternary ed.). ST Media Grouping International. ISBN978-0-944094-27-three.
21. ^ "ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Nautical chart" (PDF). American National Standards Establish (ANSI). Retrieved 2012-06-01 . Reproduction of a chart in the itemize of a lighting visitor in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
22. ^ Claude, Georges (November 1913). "The Evolution of Neon Tubes". The Engineering Magazine: 271–274.
23. ^ U.s. 1125476, Georges Claude, "Systems of Illuminating past Luminescent Tubes", issued 1915-01-19 See reproduction of patent.
24. ^ "Claude Neon Lights Wins Injunction Accommodate: Too Gets Rights to Recover Profits and Damages Resulting From Patent Infringement". The New York Times. November 28, 1928. Paid access.
25. ^ Use of Electricity in business concern – Variety and Beauty in the Neon Tube. (1934, January xiii). Hong Kong Daily Press. p. 2. Retrieved from https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk/coverpage/-/coverpage/view?_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_hsf=neon+low-cal&p_r_p_-1078056564_c=QF757YsWv5%2BsPW2AoTJX48FFDFEdgiH3&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_o=nineteen&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_actual_q=%28%20%28%20allTermsMandatory%3A%28true%29%20OR+all_dc.title%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.creator%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.correspondent%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.subject%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+fulltext%3A%28neon+calorie-free%29%20OR+all_dc.description%3A%28neon+calorie-free%29%20%29%20%29&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_sort_order=desc&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_sort_field=score&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_log=Y&tabs1=CATALOGUE
26. ^ United states of america patent 1316967, Daniel McFarlan Moore, "Gaseous Conduction Lamp", issued 1919-09-23, assigned to General Electric Company
27. ^ Wolfe, Tom (2009). The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Fleck Streamline Baby. MacMillan. p. 7. ISBN978-0-312-42912-6. Includes a reprint of a 1965 essay, "Las Vegas (What?) Las Vegas (Tin't Hear You lot Likewise Noisy) Las Vegas!!!!"
28. ^ San Jose, California is one of many cities that had an anti-neon ordinance; see Gaura, Maria Alicia (August 26, 1998). "San Jose Changes Neon Sign Ordinance / Style is cleared for Knight Ridder offices". San Francisco Relate . Retrieved 2010-11-27 . Before yesterday'due south 8-to-2 vote to revise the ordinance, rooftop signs were not allowed on San Jose high-rise buildings, nor were colored neon signs. In add-on, the maximum commanded size of signs on high-ascension buildings was only 750 square feet.
29. ^ Fox, Margalit (August xviii, 2006). "Rudi Stern, Artist Whose Medium Was Light, Dies at 69". The New York Times.
30. ^ Stern, Rudi (1979). Let There Be Neon. H. North. Abrams. ISBN978-0-8109-1255-7.
31. ^ ^{a b} Baumann, Edward (1966). Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes. Carlton Printing.
32. ^ Davidson, Len (July 1999). Vintage Neon. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN978-0-7643-0857-iv.
33. ^ Sprengnagel, Dusty (1999). Neon World. ST Publications. ISBN978-0-944094-26-half-dozen. A collection of photographs of neon signs from cities around the world, most unannotated.
34. ^ Schiess, Christian (1994). The Light Artist Album: Neon and Related Media. ST Media Grouping International. ISBN978-0-944094-00-vi. Schiess' anthology includes Stephen Antonakos, Valerij Bugrov, Chris Freeman, Peter Freeman, Michael Hayden, Craig Kraft, Dante Leonelli, Cork Marcheschi, Bill Parker, Alejandro & Moira Siña (Sinha), Keith Sonnier, and Willem Volkersz.

Farther reading [edit]

• Len Davidson operated a neon museum in Philadelphia until 2006; the museum exhibited pieces from his large private drove. See "Davidson Neon and Neon Museum of Philadelphia".

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lighting

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